INGLESE

WORDSWORTH:



LIFE AND WORKS (pag.D78/D79)William Wordsworth was born in the English Lake
District (north-west England). He studied in Cambridge and in 1790 he went on a
walking tour of France and the Alps. When he returned to France he fell in love
with Annette Vallon, and they had a
daughter. He then came back to England where he married a childhood friend and
they had five children. In 1798 he published the Lyrical Ballads with his
friend Coleridge. He was one of the first poets that saw also the negative
aspects of industrial revolution. He often wrote about nature, that is
considered good because it is alive, it
can represent the divinity (pantheistic view). Man is part of nature, nature
that gives pleasure and joy.

A CERTAIN COLOURING OF IMAGINATION (pag.D81/D82)
The Preface to the second edition of Lyrical Ballads is
considered the Manifesto of English Romanticism. Here Wordsworth speaks about
the subject matter of poetry that are incidents and situations from common
life, but with a certain imagination (so that ordinary things can be presented
in an unusual way). We find then that the language used is the one used by the
low and rustic people, because it is pure and simple (he attacks poetic
diction). Wordsworth then tells us who the poet is: he is a man speaking to a
man, but the poet is more sensitive and he has a more comprehensive soul. The
creative act presents poetry as the spontaneous overflow of feelings that is
the result of emotion recollected in tranquillity.
A SLUMBER DID MY SPIRIT SEAL (pag.D84)
It is part of the “Lucy Poems”, (we don’t know who
Lucy was). In the first stanza the poet speaks about Lucy alive, that seems untouched
by time, she seems an immortal being. In the second stanza Wordsworth speaks
about Lucy dead, that is now back in nature.


A slumber did my spirit seal;
I had no human fears:
She seemed a thing that could not feel
The touch of earthly years.
No motion has she now, no force;
She neither hears nor sees;
Rolled round
in earth’s diurnal course,
With rocks, and stones, and trees.


Un torpore sigillò il mio spirito;
Non avevo timori umani:
Lei sembrava un essere che non potesse
sentire
Il tocco degli anni terreni.
Nessun movimento ha ora, nessuna forza;
Non sente né vede;
Trascinata nel corso diurno della terra,
Con le rocce, le pietre e gli alberi.



DAFFODILS (pag.D85)
Wordsworth went out for a walk in the Lake District with
his sister Dorothy. We can understand it is spring because daffodils are spring
flowers. The poet himself is happy, because he is in contact with nature. In
the first three stanzas is used the simple past because he writes after time (emotion
recollected in tranquility); in the fourth stanza we have the present (when he
probably composes). Wordsworth uses a lot of words for the daffodils that are
usually used for people (personification). Dorothy in her journal writes about
the same experience: for both there’s the same sight; both describe the flowers
as happy and dancing; for Dorothy there’s a furious wind, instead for William
there’s just a breeze; William seems to
be alone, because he concentrates on himself, on his feelings; Dorothy tells us when the fact happens (it is a diary).


I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills ,
When all at once I saw a crowd
A host of golden daffodils:
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the milky way
They stretched in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay
Ten thousand saw I at a glance
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced but they
Outdid the sparkling waves in glee
A poet could not but be gay
In such a jocund company
I gazed and gazed but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.


Vagavo solo come una nuvola
che galleggia in alto oltre valli e colline, quando all'improvviso ho visto una
folla, una moltitudine di giunchiglie dorate, accanto al lago, sotto gli
alberi, svolazzare e danzare nella brezza.

Continue come stelle che splendono
e scintillano sulla via lattea,
si stendevano in una linea infinita
lungo il margine di una baia:
ne vidi diecimila a colpo d'occhio
che scuotevano le teste in una danza vivace.
Le onde ballavano al loro fianco ma loro superavano le scintillanti onde in
allegria; un poeta non poteva che essere felice in una compagnia così gioconda;
io le fissavo sempre di più ma pensavo poco alla ricchezza che quello
spettacolo mi aveva portato:
spesso, quando sto sdraiato sul mio divano distratto o pensoso,
loro lampeggiano su quell'occhio introspettivo che è la beatitudine della
solitudine; allora il mio cuore si
riempie di piacere, e danza con le
giunchiglie.
COMPOSED UPON WESTMINSTER BRIDGE (pag.D86/D87)
In that petrarchan sonnet ( two quatrains and two
tercets) Wordsworth describes the city of London. He is passing through the
city because he is going to France (probably he is going to meet Annet Vallon
to tell her he is going to marry another woman). The date that he writes is
probably the day when he compose it, instead Dorothy writes the real date (when
the fact happens). It is early morning, that’s why the poet notice the silence (London
was a very noisy city).

Earth has not anything to show more fair:
Dull would he be of soul who could pass by
A sight so touching in its majesty:
This City now doth, like a garment, wear
The beauty of the morning; silent, bare,
Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie
Open unto the fields, and to the sky;
All bright and glittering in the smokeless air.
Never did sun more beautifully steep
In his first splendour, valley, rock, or hill;
Ne'er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep!
The river glideth at his own sweet will:
Dear God! the very houses seem asleep;
And all that mighty heart is lying still!


La terra non ha niente di così bello da mostrare: sarebbe insensibile l'animo di colui a
cui sfuggisse una vista così toccante
nella sua maestà: la città, come un vestito, indossa la bellezza del mattino; il silenzio, limpido, le navi, le torri, le cupole, i teatri, i templi si apre sui campi e al cielo; tutto chiaro e
splendente nell'aria senza fumo. Il sole non ha mai inondato una bellezza così
nel suo primo splendore, valli, rocce o colline; non ho mai visto, non ho mai provato una calma così profonda! Il fiume scorre dolcemente secondo la sua volontà: caro Dio! le case stesse sembrano
svegliarsi e tutto il cuore possente sta immobile!
HEART LEAPS UP (pag.D93MY) That poem shows the link between joy and nature: when
the poet sees a rainbow he still feels the same feelings he felt when he was a
child. The child is very close to nature, and so it is the poet. Here we can
see the worship of nature.


My heart leaps up when I behold
A rainbow in the sky:
So was it when my life began;
So is it now I am a man;
So be it when I shall grow old,
Or let me die!
The Child is father of the Man;
I could wish my days to be
Bound each to each by natural piety.Il mio cuore sussulta quando contemplo un
arcobaleno nel cielo: così era quando la mia vita è cominciata, così è ora che
sono un uomo,così sia quando crescerò. Oppure lasciami morire!
Il bambino è il padre dell'uomo; desidererei che i miei giorni siano legati
l'un l'altro da un naturale rispetto.
SHE DWELT AMONG THE UNTRODDEN WAYS

It is part of the “Lucy Poems”, (we don’t know who Lucy was). We can understand that he
loved Lucy because he says that now that she’s dead for him is very different.
Lucy is compared to a violet (beautiful, delicate, fragile, simple and shy).

She dwelt among the untrodden ways
Beside the springs of Dove,
A Maid whom there were none to praise
And very few to love:
A violet by a mossy stone
Half hidden from the eye!
Fair as a star, when only one
Is shining in the sky.
She lived unknown, and few could know
When Lucy ceased to be;
But she is in her grave, and oh,
The difference to me!
Ella fra
strade poco percorse dimorava,
presso le sorgenti del Dove, una fanciulla che nessuno aveva da lodare e
pochissimi da amare:
una viola presso una roccia coperta di muschio nascosta agli occhi per metà!
Bella come una stella, quando una sola
splende nel cielo.
Visse sconosciuta, e pochi seppero quando Lucy cessò di esistere; ma ora è nella
sua tomba, e oh, che differenza per me!
THE SOLITARY REAPER
Wordsworth writes this poem after a
walking tour in the Highlands, in Scotland. Here he describes the reaper that
is working and singing (probably in gaelic); there’s a comparison between the
girl and the birds. We can say that he writes time after because he uses the
past and because he says: “ the music in my heart I bore, long after it was
heard no more".

Behold her, single in the field,
Yon solitary Highland Lass!
Reaping and singing by herself;
Stop here, or gently pass!
Alone she cuts and binds the grain,
And sings a melancholy strain;
O listen! for the Vale profound
Is overflowing with the sound.

No Nightingale did ever chaunt
More welcome notes to weary bands
Of travellers in some shady haunt,
Among Arabian sands:
A voice so thrilling ne'er was heard
In spring-time from the Cuckoo-bird,
Breaking the silence of the seas
Among the farthest Hebrides.

Will no one tell me what she sings?--
Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow
For old, unhappy, far-off things,
And battles long ago:

Or is it some more humble lay,
Familiar matter of to-day?
Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain,
That has been, and may be again?

Whate'er the theme, the Maiden sang
As if her song could have no ending;
I saw her singing at her work,
And o'er the sickle bending;--
I listened, motionless and still;
And, as I mounted up the hill
The music in my heart I bore,
Long after it was heard no more.


Guardatela.
Unica nel campo,
Solitaria ragazza dell'altopiano,
Che miete e fra sè canta!
Fermatevi, o passate oltre in silenzio!
Sola essa taglia e lega il grano
Mentre canta una malinconica canzone.
Udite, la valle immensa
Trabocca della melodia.
Nessun usignolo mai cantò
Più gradevoli note a spossate compagnie
Di viandanti in qualche oasi ombrosa
Nei deserti dell'Arabia:
Mai si udì il cuculo
Rompere a primavera i silenzi marini
Con voce così seducente
Nelle remote Ebridi.
Chi mai mi dirà di cosa essa canta?
Forse le dolenti note scorrono
Per cose antiche, tragiche e lontane,
Per battaglie d'epoche remote:
O forse
è un lamento più umile,
Per faccende familiari, cose d'ogni giorno?
Forse è un dolore normale, una perdita, un dispiacere
Che è stato e potrà ricapitare?
Qualsiasi il tema, la ragazza cantava
Come se il suo canto potesse non finire mai:
La vedevo cantare durante il lavoro
E mentre si piegava sulla falce.
Ascoltavo senza muovermi o parlare,
E salendo la collina
Portai nel cuore quella musica
Ben oltre il momento che più non la sentii.

LINES WRITTEN IN EARLY SPRING
The poet is on the ground, alone. He sees happiness everywhere in nature, and also he
can be happy for that reason (the poet’s soul is linked to nature). Early
spring is very nice for Wordsworth because it represent a sort of rebirth; the
divine is everywhere: it is a pantheistic view. Here he sees the negative
aspects of industrial revolution (“what
man has made of man” refers to the fact that industrial revolution has made men
unhappy).
I heard a
thousand blended notes,
While in a grove I sate reclined,
In that sweet mood when pleasant thoughts
Bring sad thoughts to the mind.
To her
fair works did Nature link
The human soul that through me ran;
And much it grieved my heart to think
What man has made of man.
Through
primrose tufts, in that green bower,
The periwinkle trailed its wreaths;
And 'tis my faith that every flower
Enjoys the air it breathes.
The birds
around me hopped and played,
Their thoughts I cannot measure:
But the least motion which they made
It seemed a thrill of pleasure. The budding twigs spread out their fan, To catch the breezy air; And I must think, do all I can, That there was pleasure there. If this belief from heaven be sent, If such be Nature's holy plan, Have I not reason to lament What man has made of man?

Udivo
cento e cento note contrastanti,
Mentre in un boschetto giacevo reclinato,
Nel dolce stato in cui pensieri piacevoli
Portano alla mente pensieri tristi.

Ai suoi splendidi manufatti la natura legò
L'animo umano che dentro me viveva;
E molto il mio cuore s’affliggeva al
pensare
Ciò che l'uomo ha fatto dell'uomo.

Tra ciuffi di primule, in quel verde giardino,
La pervinca le sue spirali intrecciava;
Ed è mia credenza che ogni fiore
Godesse dell'aria che respirava.

Gli uccelli intorno a me saltavano e giocavano,
Non potevo io il lor pensiero conoscere:
Ma il minimo movimento che facevano
Sembrava un fremito di piacere

I teneri virgulti si aprivano a ventaglio,
Per catturare la fresca aria
Ed io pensar dovetti, senza alcun abbaglio,
Che lì c’era piacere.

Se questa fede dal cielo è inviata
Se il sacro disegno della Natura è questo,
Non ho io diritto a lamentarmi
Di ciò che l'uomo ha fatto dell'uomo?


COLERIDGE:



LIFE AND WORKS
pag.D94/D95
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born in Devonshire, but
very soon he moved to London. In 1797 he
met William Wordsworth, in 1798 they published the Lyrical Ballads. He and
Wordsworth are the first romantic poets. The first poem of the collection
Lyrical Ballads is “The Rime of the
Ancient Mariner”, written by Coleridge. Rime stays for ballad, in fact it is a
literary ballad that tells the story of the voyage of a ship. Coleridge uses a
lot of archaic words, he often goes back with the language to the middle ages. He
may have taken inspiration from “The Flying Dutchman” (where is told the story
of a phantom ship that has to go over the Cape of good Hope) and also from “The
Wandering Jew” ( a novel where a Jew taunted Jesus and so his punishment
was to wander till his life ended).
Generally medieval ballads have: 4-line stanzas, a short and simple
story line, a lot of direct speeches, universal themes (love, death, war…), the
supernatural (something that is not rational), use of repetitions and
alliterations.
In
“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” we have 4-line
stanzas, direct speeches, universal themes, the supernatural, use
of repetitions and alliterations; but we also have three things that are not
traditional: the length, the moral at the end and the description of the
landscape.
Extremely important in Coleridge’s masterpiece are numbers: number 3 and
9 are important and we often find them, but also number 7 is important as we
often find it and also all the poem is divided in seven parts. Number 3 is a
powerful number, it is connected with the supernatural (probably Coleridge tells us that we must expect
something supernatural), number 9 goes towards divinity.
Also birds were somehow divine: because they came from the sky, they
were considered messengers from God. Especially on ships the albatross is considered the reincarnation of dead
sailors.
Number 7 is supernatural, it represent
death but also rebirth.

THE KILLING OF THE ALBATROSS pag.D98/D99/D100
An ancient (old) mariner meets three hosts that are
going to a wedding and he stops one of them to tell him his story. That wedding
guest is forced (by the mariner’s
glittering eyes) to listen to the true story that the mariner tells. A
ship leaves the harbor and goes southward; in the equator there’s a terrible
storm that pushes the ship again southward, until the crew get to the South
Pole. Here there is only ice and fog. The atmosphere is eerie, because there’s
a very loud noise and the ice has a sort of greenish color. The ship is stuck.
Then an albatross comes and the crew of the ship is very happy to see it
(verses 65-66). They feed the bird that comes every day, and the ship manages
to move. Then the ancient mariner shoots the albatross, but we don’t know why
he does that thing.
It is an
ancient Mariner,
And he
stoppeth one of three.
«By thy long
grey beard and glittering eye,
Now
wherefore stopp’st thou me?

The
Bridegroom’s doors are opened wide,
And I am
next of kin ;
The guests
are met, the feast is set:
May’st hear
the merry din.»

He holds him
with his skinny hand,
«There was a
ship,» quoth he.
«Hold off !
unhand me, grey-beard loon !»
Eftsoons his
hand dropt he.


He holds him
with his glittering eye—
The
Wedding-Guest stood still,
And listens
like a three years’ child:
The Mariner
hath his will.

The
Wedding-Guest sat on a stone:
He cannot choose but hear;
And thus
spake on that ancient man,
The
bright-eyed Mariner

«The ship
was cheered, the harbour cleared,
Merrily did we drop
Below the kirk, below the hill,
Below the
light-house top.

The Sun came
upon the left,
Out of the sea came he!
And the
shone bright, and on the right
Went down
into the sea.

Higher and
higher every day,
Till over
the mast at noon—»
The
Wedding-Guest here beat his breast,
For he heard the loud bassoon.

The bride
hath paced into the hall,
Red as a rose is she;
Nodding their heads before her goes
The merry minstrelsy.

The
Wedding-Guest here beat his breast,
Yet he cannot choose but hear;
And thus spake on the ancient man,
The
bright-eyed Mariner,
«And now the
storm-blast came, and he
Was tyrannous and strong:
He struck with his o’ertaking wings,
And chased us south along.

With sloping
masts and dipping prow,
As who
pursued with yell and blow
Still treads
the shadow of his foe,
And forward
bends his head,
The ship
drove fast, loud roared the blast,
And
southward aye we fled.

And now
there come both mist and snow,
And it grew
wondrous cold:
And ice,
mast-high, came floating by,
As green as
emerald.

And through
the drifts the snowy clifts
Did send a
dismal sheen:
Nor shapes
of men nor beasts we ken—
The ice was
all between.

The ice was
here, the ice was there,
The ice was
all around :
It cracked
and growled, and roared and howled,
Like noises
in a swound!

At lenght
did cross an Albatross,
Thorough the
fog it came;
As if it had been a Christian soul,
We hailed it
in God’s name.

It hate the
food in ne’er had eat,
And round
and round it flew.
The ice did
split with a thunder-fit;
The
heilmsman steered us through!

And a good south
wind sprung up behind;
The
Albatross did follow,
And every
day, for food or play,
Came to the
mariners’ hollo!

In mist or
cloud, on mast or shroud,
It perched
for vespers nine;
Whiles all the night, through the fog-smoke white,
Glimmered
the white moon-shine.»

«God save
thee, ancient Mariner!
From the
fiends, that plague thee thus!—
Why look’st
thou so?» —With my cross-bow
I shot the Albatross

C’è un vecchio marinaio, e ferma uno
dei tre: «Per la tua lunga barba grigia e il tuo occhio scintillante, perchè
ora mi fermi?
Le porte dello sposo son già tutte
aperte, e io sono uno stretto parente; i
convitati son già riuniti, il festino è servito, tu puoi udirne di qui
l’allegro rumore.»
Ma egli lo trattiene con mano di
scheletro. «C’era una volta una nave …» comincia a dire. «Lasciami, non mi
trattener più, vecchio vagabondo dalla barba brizzolata!» E quello
immediatamente ritirò la sua mano.
Ma con l’occhio scintillante lo
attrae e lo trattiene. E il Convitato resta come paralizzato, e sta ad
ascoltare come un bambino di tre anni: il vecchio Marinaro è padrone di lui.
Il Convitato si mise a sedere sopra
una pietra: e non può fare a meno di ascoltare attentamente. E cosí parlò allora
quel vecchio uomo, il Marinaio dal magnetico sguardo:

«La nave, salutata, aveva già
lasciato il porto, e lietamente filava sulle onde, dietro la chiesa, dietro la
collina, dietro l’alto faro.
Il Sole si levò da sinistra, si levò
su dal mare. Brillò, e a destra ridiscese nel mare
Ogni giorno piú alto, sempre più
alto finchè diritto sull’albero maestro, a mezzogiorno …» Il Convitato si batte
il petto impaziente, perchè sente risuonare il grave trombone.
La Sposa è apparsa nella sala: essa
è vermiglia come una rosa; la precedono, movendo in cadenza la testa, i felici
menestrelli.
Il Convitato si percuote il petto,
ma non può fare a meno di stare a udire il racconto. E così seguitò a dire
quell’antico uomo, il Marinaio dall’occhio brillante.
«Ed ecco che sopraggiunse la tempesta,
e fu tirannica e forte. Ci colpì con le sue travolgenti ali, e, insistente,ci
cacciò verso sud.
Ad alberi piegati, a bassa prua,
come chi ha inseguito con urli e colpi pur corre a capo chino sull’orma del suo
nemico, la nave correva veloce, la tempesta ruggiva forte, e ci s’inoltrava
sempre piú verso il sud.
Poi vennero insieme la nebbia e la
neve; si fece un freddo terribile: blocchi di ghiaccio, alti come l’albero
della nave, ci galleggiavano attorno, verdi come smeraldo.
E traverso il turbine delle
valanghe, le rupi nevose mandavano sinistri bagliori: non si vedeva più forma d’uomo
o di bestia — ghiaccio solo da per tutto.
Il ghiaccio era qui, il ghiaccio era
là, il ghiaccio era tutto all’intorno: scricchiolava e muggiva, ruggiva ed
urlava, come i rumori che si odono in una svenimento.
Alla fine un albatro passò per aria,
e venne a noi traverso la nebbia. Come se fosse stato un’anima cristiana, lo
salutammo nel nome di Dio.
Mangiò del cibo che gli demmo,
benchè nuovo per lui; e ci volava e rivolava d’intorno. Il ghiaccio a un tratto
si ruppe, e il pilota potè passare in mezzo.
E un buon vento di sud ci soffiò
alle spalle, e l’albatro ci teneva dietro; e ogni giorno veniva a mangiare o giocare
sul bastimento, chiamato e salutato allegramente dai marinai.
Tra la nebbia o tra le nuvole, sull’albero
o su le vele, si appollaiò per nove sere di seguito; mentre tutta la notte
attraverso un bianco vapore splendeva il bianco lume di luna.»
«Che Dio ti salvi, o Marinaio, dal
demonio che ti tormenta! — Perchè mi guardi cosí, Che cos’hai?» — «Con la mia
balestra, io ammazzai l’albatro! »




THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER doc. T 47
The Mariner begins to suffer punishment for what he
has done; the ship has ceased to move and the sailors are tortured by thirst,
and the only moving things are the horrible creatures in the sea.
The sun now
rose upon the right:
Out of the
sea came he.
Still hid in
mist and on the left
Went down
into the sea.

And the good
south wint still blew behind,
But no sweet
bird did follow,
Nor any day
for food or play
Came to the
mariners’ hollo!

And I had done
a hellish thing,
And it would
work ’em woe:
For all
averred, I had killed the bird
That made
the breeze so blow.
Ah wretch!
said they, the bird to slay,
That made
the breeze to blow!

Nor dim nor
red, like God’s own head,
The glorious
Sun uprist:
Then all
averred, I had killed the bird
That brought
the fog and mist.
’Twas right,
said they, such birds to slay,
That bring
the fog and mist.

The fair
breeze blew, the white foam flew
The furrow
followed free;
We were the
first that ever burst
Into that
silent sea.

Down dropt
the breeze, the sails dropt down
’Twas sad as
sad could be;
And we did
speak only to break
The silence
of the sea!

All in hot
and copper sky,
The bloody
Sun, at noon,
Right up
above the mast did stand,
No bigger
than the Moon.

Day after
day, day after day,
We stuck,
nor breath nor motion;
As idle as a
painted ship
Upon a
painted ocean.


Water,
water, everywhere,
And all the
boards did shrick;
Water,
water, everywhere,
Nor any drop
to drink.

The very
deep did rot: O Christ!
That ever this should be!
Yes, slimy
things did crawl with legs
Upon the
slimy sea.

About,
about, in reel and rout
The
death-fires danced at night;
The water,
like a witch’s oils,
Burnt green, and blue, and white.

And some in
dreams assured were
Of the
spirit that plagued us so;
Nine fathom
deep he had followed us
from the
land of mist and snow.

And every
tongue, through utter drought,
Was withered
at the root;
We could not
speak, no more than if
We had been
chocked with soot.

Ah! well a
day! what evil looks
Had I from
old and young!
Instead of
the cross, tha Albatross
About my
neck was hung.

Il sole ora si levava a destra: si
levava dal mare,nascosto fra la nebbia, e si rituffava nel mare a sinistra.
E il buon vento di sud spirava
ancora dietro a noi, ma nessun dolce uccello lo seguiva, e in nessun giorno
riapparve per cibo o per trastullo al grido dei marinai.
Oh, io avevo commesso un’azione
infernale, e doveva portare a tutti disgrazia; perchè, tutti lo affermavano, io
avevo ucciso l’uccello che faceva soffiare la brezza. Ah, disgraziato,
dicevano, hai ammazzato l’uccello che faceva spirare il buon vento.
Nè fosco nè rosso, ma sfolgorante
come la faccia di Dio, si levò il sole glorioso. Allora tutti asserirono che io
avevo ucciso l’uccello che portava i vapori e le nebbie. È bene, dissero, è
bene ammazzare simili uccelli, che portano i vapori e le nebbie.
La buona brezza soffiava, la bianca
spuma scorreva, il solco era libero: eravamo i primi che comparissero in quel
mare silenzioso…
Il vento cessò, e caddero le vele;
fu una desolazione ineffabile: si parlava soltanto per rompere il silenzio del
mare.
Solitario in un soffocante cielo di
rame, il sole sanguigno, non più grande della luna, si vedeva a mezzogiorno
pender diritto sull’albero maestro.
Per giorni e giorni di seguito,
restammo come impietriti, non un alito, non un moto; inerti come una nave
dipinta sopra un oceano dipinto.
Acqua, acqua da tutte le parti; e
l’intavolato della nave si contraeva per l’eccessivo calore; acqua, acqua da
tutte le parti; e non una goccia da bere!
Il mare stesso marcì. Oh Dio! che
ciò potesse davvero accadere? Sì; delle cose viscose strisciavano trascinandosi
su le gambe sopra un mare viscido.
Attorno, attorno, in turbinio e
tumulto, innumerevoli fuochi fatui danzavano nella notte: l’acqua, come l’olio d’una
strega, bolliva verde, blu, bianca.
E alcuni, in sogno, ebbero conferma
dello spirito che ci colpiva così: a nove braccia di profondità, ci aveva
seguiti dalla regione della nebbia e della neve.
E ogni lingua, per l’estrema sete,
era seccata fino alla radice; non si poteva più articolare parola, quasi
fossimo soffocati dalla fuliggine.
Ohimè! che sguardi terribili mi
gettavano, giovani e vecchi! In luogo di croce, mi fu appeso al collo l’albatro
che avevo ucciso.


DEATH AND LIFE-IN-DEATH pag.D102/D103/D104
The ship is now still stuck in the middle of the ocean
and the mariners are without water, so every throat is parched. The ancient
mariner sees something that is getting closer and closer from the West. As it
is nearer , it seems to be a ship. Since his throat is parched, he bit his arm
and sucks the blood to try to scream. All the mariners are happy because they
think that the ship can save them; but the ship is moving without wind, and
that fact is quite suspicious. When the ship drives between them and the sun,
the ancient mariner understands that it is a phantom ship: two women are
casting dice. Death wins all the others mariners, but life-in-death wins the
ancient mariner.

There passed a weary time.
Each throat was parched, and glazed each eye. A weary time! A weary time!

How glazed
each weary eye!
When looking
westward I beheld
A something
in the sky.

At first it
seemed a little speck,
And then it
seemed a mist;
It moved and
moved, and took at last
A certain
shape, I wist.

A speck, a
mist, a shape. I wist!
And still it
neared and neared:
As if it
dodged a water sprite,
It plunged
and tacked and veered.

With throats
unslaked, with black lips backed,
We could nor
laugh nor wail;
Through
utter drought all dumb we stood!
I bit my
arm, I sucked the blood,
And cried, A
sail! a sail!

With throats
unslaked, with black lips backed,
Agape they
heard me call:
Gramercy!
they for joy did grin,
And all at
once their breath drew in,
As they were
drinking all.

See! see! (I
cried) she tacks no more!
Hither to
work us weal;
Without a
breeze, without a tide,
She steadies
with uproght keel!

The western
wave was all a-flame,
The day was
well nigh done!
Almost upon
the western wave
Rested the
broad bright Sun.
When that
strange shape drove suddendly
Betwixt us
and the Sun.

And straight
the Sun was flecked with bars,
(Heaven’s
Mother send us grace!)
As if
through a dungeon-grate he peered
With broad
and burning face.

Alas!
(thought I, and mi heart beat loud)
How fast she
nears and nears!
Are those
her sails that glance in the Sun,
Like
restless gossameres?

Are those
her ribs through which the Sun
Did peer, as through a grate?
And is that
Woman all her crew?
Is that a Death? and are there two?
Is Death that Woman’s mate?

Her lips
were red, her looks were free.
Her locks
were yellow as gold:
Her skin was
as white as leprosy,
The
Night-mare Life-in-Death was she,
Who thicks
man’s blood with cold.

The naked
hulk alongside came,
And the
twain were casting dice:
«The game is
done! I’ve won, I’ve won !»
Quoth she,
and whistles thrice.

The Sun’s
rim dips, the stars rush out:
At one
stride comes the dark;
With
far-heard whisper o’er the sea,
Off shot the
spectre-bark


We listened
and looked sideways up!
Fear at my
heart, as at a cup,
My
life-blood seemed to sip!
The stars
were dim, and thick the night,
The
steersman’s face by his lamp gleamed white;


From the
sails the dew did drip—
Till clomb
above the eastern bar
The horned
Moon, with one bright star
Within the
neither tip.

One after
one, by the star-dogged Moon,
Too quick
for groan or sigh,
Each turned
his face with a ghastly pang,
And cursed
me withe his eye.


Four times
fifty living men,
(And I heard
nor sigh nor groan)
With heavy
tump, a lifeless lump,
They dropped
down one by one.


The souls
did from their bodies fly,—
They flied
to bliss or woe!
And every
soul it passed me by
Like the
whizz of my cross-bow.


Passò un
triste tempo. Ogni gola era riarsa, ogni occhio era vitreo. Un triste tempo, un
triste tempo! E come mi fissavano tutti quegli occhi stanchi! Quand’ecco,
guardando verso occidente, io scorsi qualche cosa nel cielo.
Da prima,
pareva una piccola macchia, una specie di nebbia; si moveva, si moveva, e alla
fine parve prendere una certa forma.
Una macchia,
una nebbia, una forma, che sempre più si faceva vicina: e come se volesse
sottrarsi ed evitare un fantasma marino, si tuffava, si piegava, si rigirava.
Con gole
asciutte, con labbra nere arse, non si poteva nè ridere nè piangere. In
quell’eccesso di sete, stavano tutti muti. Io mi morsi un braccio, ne succhiai
il sangue, e gridai: Una vela! Una vela!
Con arse
gole, con nere labbra bruciate, attoniti mi udirono gridare. Risero
convulsamente di gioia: e tutti insieme aspirarono l’aria, come in atto di
bere.
Vedete!
vedete! (io gridai) essa non gira più, ma vien dritta a recarci salvezza: senza
un alito di vento, senza corrente, avanza con la chiglia elevata.
A occidente
l’acqua era tutta fiammeggiante; il giorno era presso a finire. Sull’onda
occidentale posava il grande splendido sole quand’ecco quella strana forma
s’interpose fra il sole e noi.
E a un
tratto il sole apparve striato di sbarre (che la celeste Madre ci assista!)
come se guardasse dalla inferriata di una prigione con la sua faccia larga ed
accesa.
Ohimè!
(pensavo io, e il cuore mi batteva forte), come si avvicina rapidamente, ogni
momento di più! Son quelle le sue vele, che scintillano al sole come spiritate
ragnatele?
Son quelle
le sue coste, traverso a cui il sole guarda come traverso a una grata? E quella
donna là è tutto l’equipaggio? È forse la Morte? o ve ne son due? o è la Morte
la compagna di quella donna?
Le sue labbra
eran rosse, franchi gli sguardi, i capelli gialli com’oro: ma la pelle
biancastra come la lebbra… Essa era l’Incubo Vita-in-Morte,
che congela il sangue dell’uomo.
Quella nuda
carcassa di nave ci passò di fianco, e le due giocavano ai dadi. «Il gioco è finito!
ho vinto, ho vinto!» dice l’una, e fischia tre volte.
L’ultimo
lembo di sole scompare: le stelle accorrono a un tratto: senza intervallo di
tramonto, è già notte. Con un mormorio prolungato fuggì via sul mare quel
battello-fantasma.
Noi udivamo,
e guardavamo di sbieco, in su. Il terrore pareva succhiare dal mio cuore, come
da una coppa, tutto il mio sangue vitale. Le stelle erano torbide, fitta la
notte, e il viso del timoniere splendeva pallido e bianco sotto la sua
lanterna.
La rugiada
gocciava dalle vele; finchè il corno lunare pervenne alla linea orientale,
avendo alla sua estremità inferiore una fulgida stella,
L’un dopo
l’altro, al lume della luna che pareva inseguita dalle stelle, senza aver tempo
di mandare un gemito o un sospiro, ogni marinaro torse la faccia in uno spasimo
atroce, e mi maledisse con gli occhi.
Duecento
uomini viventi (e io non udii nè un sospiro nè un gemito), con un grave tonfo,
come una inerte massa, caddero giù l’un dopo l’altro.
Le anime
volaron via dai loro corpi — volarono alla beatitudine o alla dannazione; ed
ogni anima mi passò accanto sibilando, come il rumore della mia balestra.


THE WATER SNAKES pag.D105/D106/D107/D108
The wedding guest fears the ancient mariner because he
thinks that the mariner is a ghost, but the mariner tells him that he is not
dead. On the ship the dead mariners continue to look the ancient mariner with
curse in their eyes. When the ancient mariner blesses the water snakes, the
ship moves, and some spirits enter the dead bodies on the deck, so that they
can work. When they get home, they are still dead.

«I fear thee, ancient Mariner,
I fear thy
skinny hand !
And thou art
long, and lank, and brown,
As is the
ribbed sea-sand,

I fear thee
and thy glittering eye
And thy
skinny hand, so brown.» —
«Fear not,
fear not, thou Wedding-Guest!
This body
dropt not down.

Alone,
alone, all, all alone,
Alone on a
wide, wide sea!
And never a
saint took pity on
My soul in
agony.

The many
men, so beatiful!
And they all
dead did lie:
And a
thousand thousand slimy things
Lived on;
and so did I.

I looked
upon the rotting sea,
And drew my
eyes away;
I looked
upon the rotting deck
And there
the dead men lay.

I looked to
heaven, and tried to pray;
But or ever
a prayer had gusht,
A wicked
whisper came, and made
My heart as
dry as dust.

I closed my
lids, and kept them close,
And the
balls like pulses beat;
For the sky
and the sea and the sea and the sky
Lay like a
load on my weary eye,
And the dead
were at my feet.

The cold
sweat melted from their limbs,
Nor rot nor
reek did they:
The look
with which they looked on me
Had never
passed away.

An orphan’s
curse would drag to Hell
A spirit
from on high;
But oh! more
horrible than that
Is a curse
in a dead man’s eye!
Seven days,
seven nights, I saw that curse,
And yet I
could not die.


The moving
Moon went up the sky,
And nowhere did abide:
Softly she was going up,
And a star or two beside—

Her beams
bemocked the suiltry main,
Like April
hoar-frost spread;
But where
the ship’s huge shadow lay,
The charmed
water burnt alway
A still and
awful red.

Beyond the
shadow of the ship,
I watched
the water-snakes:
They moved
in tracks of shining white,
And when
they reared, the elfish light
Fell off in
hoary flakes.

Within the
shadow of the ship,
I watched
their rich attire:
Blue glossy
green, and velvet black,
They coiled
and swam; and every track
Was a flash
of golden fire.

O happy
living things! no tongue
Their beauty
might declare:
A spring of
love gushed from my heart,
And I
blessed them unaware:
Sure my kind
saint took pity on me,
And I
blessed them unaware.

The self
same moment I could pray;
And from my
neck so free
The
Albatross fell off, and sank
Like lead
into the sea.

«Tu mi spaventi, vecchio Marinaio!
La tua scarna mano mi fa pura! Tu sei lungo, magro, bruno come la ruvida sabbia
del mare.
Ho paura di te, e del tuo occhio
brillante, e della tua bruna mano di scheletro…»— «Non temere, non temere, o
Convitato! Questo mio corpo non cadde fra i morti. Solo, solo, completamente
solo — solo in un immenso mare! E nessun santo ebbe compassione di me, della
mia anima agonizzante.
Tutti quegli uomini così belli,
tutti ora giacevano morti! e migliaia e migliaia di creature striscianti e
viscose continuavano a vivere, e anch’io vivevo.
Guardavo quel putrido mare, e
torcevo subito gli occhi dall’orribile vista; guardavo sul ponte marcito, e là
erano distesi i morti.
Alzai gli occhi al cielo, e tentai
di pregare; ma appena mormoravo una preghiera, udivo quel maledetto sibilo, e
il mio cuore diventava arido come la polvere.
Chiusi le palpebre, e le mantenni
chiuse; e le pupille battevano come pulsazioni; perchè il mare ed il cielo, il
cielo ed il mare, pesavano opprimenti sui miei stanchi occhi; e ai miei piedi
stavano i morti.
Un sudore freddo stillava dalle loro
membra, ma non imputridivano, nè puzzavano: mi guardavano sempre fissi, col
medesimo sguardo con cui mi guardaron da vivi.
La maledizione di un orfano avrebbe
la forza di tirar giù un’anima dal cielo all’inferno; ma oh! più orribile
ancora è la maledizione negli occhi di un morto! Per sette giorni e sette notti
io vidi quella maledizione… eppure non potevo morire.
La vagante luna ascendeva in cielo e
non si fermava mai: dolcemente saliva , saliva in compagnia di una o due
stelle.
I suoi raggi illusori davano aspetto
di una distesa bianca brina d’aprile a quel mare putrido e ribollente; ma dove
si rifletteva la grande ombra della nave, l’acqua incantata ardeva in un
monotono e orribile color rosso.
Al di là di quell’ombra, io vedevo i
serpenti di mare muoversi a gruppi di un lucente candore; e quando si alzavano
a fior d’acqua, la magica luce si rifrangeva in candidi fiocchi spioventi.
Nell’ombra della nave, guardavo
ammirando la ricchezza dei loro colori; blu, verde-lucidi, nero- velluto, si
attorcigliavano e nuotavano; e ovunque movessero, era uno scintillio di fuochi
d’oro.
O felici creature viventi! Nessuna
lingua può esprimere la loro bellezza: e una sorgente d’amore scaturì dal mio
cuore, e istintivamente li benedissi. Certo il mio buon santo ebbe allora pietà
di me, e io inconsciamente li benedissi.
Nel momento stesso potei pregare; e
allora l’albatro si staccò dal mio collo, e cadde, e affondò come piombo nel
mare.


A SADDER
AND WISER MAN pag.D109

Listening to the mariner’s story has made the wedding guest a sadder and
wiser man.

Farewell,
farewell! but this I tell
To thee,
thou Wedding-Guest,
He prayeth
well, who loveth well
Both man and
bird and beast.

He prayeth
best, who loveth best
All things
both great and small;
For the dear
Good who loveth us
He made and
loveth all.»

The Mariner,
whose eye is bright,
Whose beard
with age is hoar,
Is gone: and
now the Wedding-Guest
Turned from
the bridgeroom’s door.


He went like
one that hath been stunned,
And is of
sense forlorn:
A sadder and
a wiser man,
He rose the
morrow morn.

Addio, addio! Ma questo io dico a
te, o Convitato: prega bene sol chi ben ama e gli uomini e gli uccelli e le
bestie.
Prega bene colui che meglio ama
tutte le creature, piccole e grandi; poichè il buon Dio che ci ama, ha fatto e
ama tutti.
Il marinaio dall’occhio brillante,
dalla barba bianca dagli anni, è sparito — e ora il Convitato non si dirige più
alla porta dello sposo.
Egli se ne andò, come stordito, e
fuori dai sensi. E quando si levò la mattina dopo, era un uomo più triste e più
saggio.



INTERPRETATION
The most relevant interpretation is the one that sees
the poem as a tale of crime and punishment (according to Maurice Bowra). The
crime is irrational so it is also the killing of the albatross.



KEATS:



John Keats (1795-1821)He was born in London from a humble family. He passed through a very hard life.His literary production is still very famous. He experienced pain, misery, bad health and sadness. The doctors told him to move away from the moist weather of London, so he went to Italy. He had a house near Piazza di Spagna. He died at the age of 26, because of the his health conditions that had got worse and worse. He was buried in the protestant cemetery in Rome(like Shelley).He’s one the greatest poets of the Romanticism. Keats thought that two elements were fundamental in poetry: Imagination and Beauty. In facts, his central theme is the cult of beauty. There are two types of beauty: physical and spiritual.Ode on a Grecian UrnThis poem was composed in 1819. The inspiration is still unknown: critics couldn’t find an urn with the pictures that he describes. Probably he mixed various details that he saw on the Grecian urns that he studied, and the combination of these details in Keats’ imagination created this ode. He had a passion for antiquity and, in this ode, it’s evident that he learned a lot about Greece. This is why he was considered a poet similar to Foscolo: he was romantic but still influenced by neo-classicist elements. The ode starts describing the picture on the urn with a serie of questions. He set his ode in a past time. In the scene, there are men and women(“maiden loth”), there is a chase, there is music (“pipes and timbrels”). The central scene represents a boy that’s about to kiss the girl he loves. But he can’t. The poet  “reassures” the young lover, saying that he will never kiss her, but she will always be fair, and he will always love her. Then he describes another scene, a “natural” scene: he speaks about a green altar ,a sacrifice, an heifer and finally a desolate place. The conclusion is more general. With the expression “cold pastoral” he addresses to the urn,saying that it’s material, not human. The urn hasn’t got feelings, it’s non animated, it’s not a warm living being.He adds that beauty is truth(and truth is beauty) because only through the beauty of this “work of art” you can get to the knowledge ,and knowledge is always truth.Key points:Romanticism and Neo-ClassicismImaginationBeauty Nature Time: contrast between Human Life and Eternity and the problem of the decay of beautyTranslation:Tu della quiete ancora inviolata sposa,
alunna del silenzio e del tempo tardivo,
narratrice silvestre che un racconto
fiorito puoi così più che la nostra
rima dolcemente dire,
quale leggenda adorna d'aeree fronde si posa
intorno alla tua forma?

Di deità, di mortali o pur d'entrambi,
in Tempe o nelle valli
d'Arcadia? Quali uomini
son questi o quali dei,
quali ritrose vergini,
qual folle inseguimento, qual paura,
quali zampogne e timpani,
quale selvaggia estasi?

Dolci le udite melodie: più dolci le non udite.
Dunque voi seguite, tenere cornamuse,
il vostro canto, non al facile senso, ma,
più cari, silenziosi concenti date all'intimo cuore.
Giovine bello, alla fresca ombra mai può il tuo canto languire,
né a quei rami venir meno la fronda.
Audace amante e vittorioso, mai tu potrai baciare,
pur prossimo alla meta, e tuttavia non darti affanno:
ella non può sfiorire e, pur mai pago,
quella per sempre tu amerai, bella per sempre.

O fortunate piante cui non tocca perder le belle foglie,
né, meste, dire addio alla primavera;
te felice, cantore non mai stanco
di sempre ritrovare canti per sempre nuovi;
ma, più felice Amore!
fervido e sempre da godere, e giovane e anelante sempre,
tu che di tanto eccedi ogni vivente passione umana,
che in cuore un solitario dolore lascia, e sdegno: amara febbre.

Chi son questi venienti al sacrificio?
E, misterioso sacerdote, a quale verde altare conduci questa,
che mugghia ai cieli, mite giovenca
di ghirlande adorna i bei fianchi di seta?
Qual piccola città, presso del fiume o in riva al mare costruita,
o sopra il monte, fra le sue placide mura,
si è vuotata di questa folla festante, in questo pio mattino?
Tu, piccola città, quelle tue strade sempre saranno silenziose
e mai non un'anima tornerà che dica perché sei desolata.

O pura attica forma! Leggiadro atteggiamento,
cui d'uomini e fanciulle e rami ed erbe calpestate
intorno fregio di marmo chiude,
invano  il pensier nostro ardendo fino a te si consuma,
pari all'eternità, fredda, silente, imperturbabile effige.
Quando, dal tempo devastata e vinta,
questa or viva progenie anche cadrà,
fra diverso dolore, amica all'uomo,
rimarrai tu sola, "Bellezza è Verità"
dicendo ancora: "Verità è Bellezza".
Questo a voi, sopra la terra, di sapere è dato:questo, non altro, a voi, sopra la terra,
è bastante sapere.( Pagine di riferimento: D126-127-129-130)


PERCY SHELLEY:


 Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)He was an English romantic poet. Shelley, Byron and Keats represented the second generation of Romantic poets (they shared the big success they had and the short life they passed, indeed, they all died very young).He got married twice: the first time, at the age of 19,but he soon divorced, and he started a new relationship with a writer called Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin (and not, as Stefano Angelinis thinks, with a man called Frankenstein). He was deeply interested in politics, and because of his radical ideals, he escaped from England and moved to Switzerland, where he met another famous English poet, Byron, who became one of his best friends. During their stay in Switzerland, they wrote together. He also went to Italy: first, he arrived in Rome, where he met John Keats, and then he went to Tuscany. At the age of thirty, he died in a boat accident.He is well remembered as a “restless spirit” because he always refused social and political conventions of his country, and he fought for the principles of freedom and love. He’s also remembered as an hopeful person: he believed in change, he was deeply convinced that the future would be better, even if he was living in a  cruel material world. Shelley thought that the poet was a prophet and at the same time a Titan that fought versus the evil society. Nature is also very important, it’s often represented with symbols such as wind, water, clouds, weather and so on. It’s considered as a big divine spirit and it’s the perfect refuge from the injustice of the civil world.Ode to the west windShelley published this ode in 1819, during his “exile” in Tuscany (vedi Traduzione della nota di Shelley*). He tells us that one day, in a wood near the Arno river, came a big thunderstorm. The west wind announced the “coming-back” of autumn and it blew from the Atlantic Ocean. It is called “breath of Autumn’s being”: it’s strong, wild, sometimes even violent and out of control. The poet says that you can’t see it blowing, but you can clearly see his effects: it carries the leaves in the air and it brings black clouds and a dark sky. This poem is divided into five stanzas. It has an elevated tone and a figurative language. Shelley uses archaisms, invocations and personifications. At the end of each stanza the poet writes “oh hear!” and it is referred to the west wind. This poem shows the great importance of the natural phenomenons and of the Nature in itself. The poets wishes to be like the Wind, free and restless, and even like a cloud, a wave and a leaf. He would like to go everywhere and teach people his philosophy of love and freedom. In the last lines he asks the wind to “scatter his words among mankind” and he says ,with his hopeful spirit ,that if Winter comes, it’s sure that Spring, and so, the rebirth of the whole nature, will come next. In this ode it’s clear to see  the two aspects of Shelley’s ideal poet: prophet, and, at the same time, Titan. There is a personal, quite autobiographical, element: in the fourth stanza he remembers when he was a young boy and he used to stare at the effects of the wind, dreaming to be like it. He personificates the Wind, as if it is the main character of this poem and  speaks about the Zephyr, that is the “sister” of the West Wind ,because it announces the arrival of Spring, in a mild and quiet way.*Shelley  appended  a  note to the 'Ode to the West Wind' when it first
appeared in 1820: “This  poem was conceived and chiefly written in a wood that skirts the
Arno,  near  Florence,  and on a day when that tempestuous wind, whose
temperature  is at once mild and animating, was collecting the vapours
which  pour  down  the  autumnal  rains.  They began, as I foresaw, at
sunset  with  a  violent  tempest  of  hail and rain, attended by that
magnificent thunder and lightning peculiar to the Cisalpine regions.
The  phenomenon  alluded  to  at the conclusion of the third stanza is
well known to naturalists. The vegetation at the bottom of the sea, of
rivers,  and of lakes, sympathizes with that of the land in the change
of seasons, and is consequently influenced by the winds which announce
it.”  Questo componimento fu ideato e scritto in un bosco sulle rive del fiume Arno,vicino a Firenze, e in un giorno in cui quel vento tempestoso,la cui temperatura è allo stesso tempo mite e pungente ,stava raccogliendo i vapori che avrebbero fatto cadere le piogge autunnali. Incominciarono,come avevo previsto, al tramonto,con una tempesta violenta di grandine e pioggia,seguita da quel magnifico fenomeno che è il temporale,tipico delle regioni Cisalpine. Il fenomeno a cui alludo nella terza stanza è ben conosciuto dai naturalisti. La vegetazione sul fondo del mare,dei fiumi e dei laghi,è strettamente collegata a quella sulla terraferma nel corso delle stagioni,ed è sempre influenzata,di conseguenza,dal vento che le annuncia(le varie stagioni,come lo Zefiro per la primavera,e il vento dell’Ovest per l’autunno)
Translation:
Oh tu vento selvaggio occidentale, alito
della vita d'autunno, oh presenza invisibile da cui
le foglie morte sono trascinate, come spettri in fuga
Da un mago incantatore, gialle e nere,
pallide e del rossore della febbre, moltitudini
che il contagio ha colpito: oh tu che guidi
I semi alati ai loro letti oscuri
dell'inverno in cui giacciono freddi e profondi
come una spoglia sepolta nella tomba,
Finché la tua sorella azzurra Primavera,
non farà udire le squilla sulla terra in sogno
e colmerà di profumi e di colori vividi
Il colle e la pianura, nell'aria i lievi bocci conducendo
simili a greggi al pascolo: oh Spirito selvaggio,
tu che dovunque t'agiti, e distruggi e proteggi: ascolta, ascolta!
II
Tu nella cui corrente, nel tumulto
del cielo a precipizio, le nuvole disperse
sono spinte qua e là come foglie appassite
Scosse dai rami intricati del Cielo e dell'Oceano,
angeli della pioggia e del fulmine, e si spargono
là sull'azzurra superficie delle tue onde d'aria
Come la fulgida chioma che s'innalza
sopra la testa d'una fiera Menade, dal limite
fioco dell'orizzonte fino alle altezze estreme dello zenit,
Capigliatura della tempesta imminente. Canto funebre
tu dell'anno che muore, al quale questa notte che si chiude
sarà la cupola del suo sepolcro immenso, sostenuta a volta
da tutta la potenza riunita dei vapori
dalla cui densa atmosfera esploderà una pioggia
nera come fuoco e grandine: oh, ascolta!III
Tu che svegliasti dai loro sogni estivi
le acque azzurre del Mediterraneo, dove
si giaceva cullato dal moto dei flutti cristallini
Accanto a un'isola tutta di pomice del golfo
di baia e vide in sonno gli antichi palazzi e le torri
tremolanti nel giorno più intenso dell'onda, sommersi
da muschi azzurri e da fiori dolcissimi al punto
che nel descriverli il senso viene meno!
Tu per il cui sentiero la possente
superficie d'Atlantico si squarcia
e svela abissi profondi dove i fiori
del mare e i boschi fradici di fango, che indossano
le foglie senza linfa dell'oceano, conoscono
la tua voce e si fanno all'improvviso grigi
per la paura e tremano e si spogliano: oh, ascolta!
IV
Fossi una foglia appassita che tu potessi portare;
fossi una rapida nuvola per inseguire il tuo volo;
un'onda palpitante alla tua forza, e potessi
Condividere tutto l'impulso della tua potenza
soltanto meno libero di te, oh tu che sei incontrollabile!
Potessi essere almeno com'ero nell'infanzia, compagno
Dei tuo vagabondaggi alti nei cieli, come quando
superare il tuo rapido passo celeste
sembrava appena un sogno; non mi rivolgerei
A te con questa preghiera nella mia dolente
necessità. Ti prego, levami come un'onda, come
una foglia o una nuvola. Cado
Sopra le spine della vita e sanguino! Un grave
peso di ore ha incatenato, incurvato
uno a te troppo simile: indomito, veloce e orgoglioso.
V
Fa di me della tua cetra, com'è della foresta;
che cosa importa se le mie foglie cadono
come le sue! Il tumulto
Delle tue forti armonie leverà a entrambi un canto
profondo ed autunnale, e dolcemente triste.
Che tu sia dunque il mio spirito, o Spirito fiero!
Spirito impetuoso, che tu sia me stesso!
Guida i miei morti pensieri per tutto l'universo
come foglie appassite per darmi una nascita nuova!
E con l'incanto di questi miei versi disperdi,
come da un focolare non ancora spento,
le faville e le ceneri, le mie parole fra gli uomini!
E alla terra che dorme, attraverso il mio labbro,
tu sia la tromba d'una profezia! Oh, Vento,
se viene l'Inverno, potrà la Primavera essere lontana?England in 1819This political poem was written in 1819,during the exile in Italy. Shelley denounces his country’s political-social problems starting from the Peterloo massacre. People despised the King and his sons, they were sick and tired of their political injustice, so, one day, in Manchester, they were demonstrating for their rights, but the Army came and killed a large number of people. This event is remembered as a great disaster in the English political history. Shelley represents the thoughts of thousand and thousand of English people. The king was officially declared insane, mad and blind. He was dying, and people hated him and his sons. Laws weren’t honest, they appeared to be good but they only worked in the interests of rich people, punishing humble people. The rulers, the ones that had made the laws, were considered like monsters: after sucking all the population’s “blood”, they drop it and threw it away. Shelley attacks the english politicians and even religion, because he thinks that a “christless” religion wouldn’t save poor people from that evil society.OzymandiasOzymandias is the Greek name of an Egyptian pharaoh, maybe one of the most famous, called Ramses II. This short lyric was written in 1817. The fundamental theme is the vanity of human ambitions (something like what you find in Gray’s elegy: “everything ends in the grave”). Shelley starts the poem with a traveller’s tale: he met a man who went to this isolate land, in the middle of the desert, and saw Ozymandias’ statue. He could only see a pair of stone legs, because the statue was very big. Near the legs, on the sand, he finds Ramses’ stone face: the sculptor was so good at his art that you can even capture, from the visage lies, his passions and his strong ideals. Ramses II was a powerful and ambitious man. He was completely sure that no other man on earth was better than him. He considered himself as an immortal being. Ozymandias wanted to celebrate himself with huge monuments to let people know how extraordinary he was. Shelley speaks about this “mortal” pride with a bit of irony, because he well knows that human ambitions are insignificant, compared to the infinity of time. Nothing lasts forever, no human being has an eternal life, that’s why all the ambions, all the pride and glory are useless in front of the action of time.(Pagine di riferimento: D119-120-122-123-124-134)